25 Expert Tips

The Complete Resume
Playbook

Bullet Writing

Use the VTCR / X-Y-Z Formula

Structure every bullet as: Verb + Task + Context + Result. Start with a strong action verb, describe the task, explain how you completed it (tools or methods), and end with a measurable result.

Before Responsible for handling social media
After Grew Instagram following by 281% in 90 days by developing a data-driven content calendar using Canva and Instagram Insights
Bullet Writing

Start Every Bullet with a Strong Action Verb

Open each bullet point with a powerful, specific verb. Avoid weak starters like "Responsible for," "Helped with," or "Assisted in." Replace them with verbs that show ownership and impact.

Weak Helped with quarterly financial reports for the department
Strong Compiled quarterly financial reports for three departments, reducing delivery time by 40%

Power Verbs by Category

Leadership: Directed, Orchestrated, Spearheaded, Championed, Mobilized
Technical: Engineered, Automated, Deployed, Architected, Debugged
Analysis: Evaluated, Forecasted, Modeled, Assessed, Benchmarked
Growth: Accelerated, Expanded, Captured, Generated, Scaled
Efficiency: Streamlined, Consolidated, Optimized, Eliminated, Reduced
Bullet Writing

Avoid "Responsible For" and Duty Descriptions

Duty-based language tells recruiters what the job required, not what you accomplished. Reframe every "responsible for" bullet into an achievement that demonstrates the outcome of your work.

Duty Responsible for managing a team of five analysts and overseeing daily operations
Achievement Managed five analysts and restructured daily workflows, improving report turnaround time by 30%
Bullet Writing

Numbers Beat Adjectives Every Time

Replace vague descriptors with hard data. Dollars, percentages, headcounts, timeframes, and volume metrics make your impact concrete and scannable.

Vague Significantly improved team efficiency
Quantified Reduced task completion time from 30 minutes to under 1 minute by automating five downstream processes using Excel VBA
Grammar

Watch Your Tense — Never Mix Past and Present in the Same Bullet

Every verb inside a single bullet point must use the same tense. If you start a bullet with a past-tense verb like "Managed," then every other verb in that bullet — including verbs buried in the middle of the sentence — must also be past tense. Mixing tenses makes it sound like you started writing about something you did, then forgot and switched to something you are doing. Recruiters read hundreds of resumes a day, and tense errors are one of the first things they notice.

Why it matters: Mixed tenses confuse the timeline. If you wrote "Achieve 100% collection... and documented all transactions," a reader cannot tell whether you are still achieving this or whether it already happened. The bullet contradicts itself.

Mixed Tense Achieve 100% collection of tuition by maintaining communication and documented all transactions
All Past Tense (past role) Achieved 100% collection of tuition by maintaining communication and documenting all transactions

More examples:

Mixed Tense Managed a team of eight engineers and oversee code reviews for all pull requests
Fixed — Past Tense Managed a team of eight engineers and oversaw code reviews for all pull requests
Mixed Tense Create weekly performance reports and presented findings to the leadership team each Friday
Fixed — Present Tense (current role) Create weekly performance reports and present findings to the leadership team each Friday
Current role → all present tense: "Manage," "develop," "coordinate"
Past role → all past tense: "Managed," "developed," "coordinated"
"Manage team and developed new processes" — "Manage" is present but "developed" is past
"Achieve goals by creating and documented reports" — "Achieve" is present but "documented" is past

Quick test: Read your bullet out loud and listen for the verb endings. Past-tense verbs almost always end in "-ed" (managed, developed, coordinated). If you hear an "-ed" verb next to a bare verb (manage, develop, coordinate), you have a tense mismatch.

Grammar

Keep Parallel Structure in Every Bullet

Parallel structure means that when you list multiple actions separated by commas, every action follows the same grammatical pattern. If the first action starts with a past-tense verb, all the other actions must also start with past-tense verbs. If the first is a noun, the rest should be nouns too. Think of it like matching — every item in your list should "look" the same grammatically.

Why it matters: When the pattern breaks, your reader mentally stumbles. A recruiter scanning quickly will feel that "something is off" even if they cannot name the grammar rule. It signals that the writing was rushed or that the candidate did not proofread.

Example 1 — Verb form mismatch:

Broken Designed marketing campaigns, coordinating with vendors, and increased brand awareness by 25%

The problem: "Designed" is past tense, "coordinating" is a gerund (-ing form), and "increased" is past tense again. The middle item does not match the other two. It should be "coordinated" to match "Designed" and "increased."

Parallel Designed marketing campaigns, coordinated with vendors, and increased brand awareness by 25%

Example 2 — Mixed present and past:

Broken Analyzed customer feedback, implement process improvements, and reduced complaint rate by 40%

The problem: "Analyzed" and "reduced" are past tense, but "implement" is present tense. It should be "implemented."

Parallel Analyzed customer feedback, implemented process improvements, and reduced complaint rate by 40%

Example 3 — Noun list mixed with verbs:

Broken Responsible for budgeting, to hire new staff, and vendor negotiations

The problem: "budgeting" is a gerund, "to hire" is an infinitive, and "negotiations" is a noun. Pick one form and stick with it.

Parallel (all gerunds) Managed budgeting, hiring new staff, and negotiating vendor contracts

Quick test: Stack each item in your list on its own line. Read them one by one. If any item starts with a different word type (verb form, noun, gerund), fix it to match the others.

Grammar

Eliminate Gerunds as Bullet Starters

A gerund is the "-ing" form of a verb: "Managing," "Developing," "Assisting." While gerunds are grammatically correct, they weaken resume bullets for two reasons. First, they sound passive — "Managing accounts" describes an ongoing state rather than a completed action. Second, they blur the timeline — a reader cannot tell whether you are still managing accounts or did so in the past. Starting with a direct verb like "Managed" or "Manage" is clearer and stronger.

Why it matters: Recruiters prefer action verbs because they communicate decisiveness. "Managed" sounds like you took charge and did the work. "Managing" sounds like you are describing a job duty, not an accomplishment.

Gerund Starter Managing a portfolio of 15 client accounts totaling $2M in revenue
Direct Verb (past role) Managed a portfolio of 15 client accounts totaling $2M in annual revenue

More examples:

Gerund Starter Developing automated testing scripts for the QA team to use during release cycles
Direct Verb (past role) Developed automated testing scripts that reduced QA release time by 35%
Gerund Starter Assisting senior consultants with client presentations and data analysis
Direct Verb (past role) Assisted senior consultants with 12 client presentations and performed data analysis using Tableau
Gerund Starter Coordinating logistics for company events with attendance of 200+ employees
Direct Verb (current role) Coordinate logistics for company events with attendance of 200+ employees, cutting costs by 15% year-over-year

Quick test: Look at the first word of every bullet on your resume. If any word ends in "-ing," replace it with the past-tense or present-tense form of that verb.

Grammar

Use Correct Punctuation in Bullets

Resume bullets are fragment sentences, not full sentences. Because they are fragments, the punctuation rules are different from normal writing. The most important rules: no periods at the end of bullets, use the serial comma (also called the Oxford comma) in lists of three or more items, use hyphens for compound modifiers, and use en dashes (not hyphens) in date ranges.

Why it matters: Inconsistent punctuation — like putting periods on some bullets but not others, or skipping commas in lists — makes your resume look unpolished. Recruiters associate punctuation errors with lack of attention to detail.

Rule 1: No periods at the end of bullets

Wrong Managed a team of five analysts and delivered quarterly reports.
Right Managed a team of five analysts and delivered quarterly reports

Rule 2: Use the serial (Oxford) comma

When you list three or more items, place a comma before the final "and." Without it, the last two items can be misread as a single item.

Missing Serial Comma Proficient in Python SQL and Tableau
With Serial Comma Proficient in Python, SQL, and Tableau

Rule 3: Hyphenate compound modifiers

When two words work together to describe a noun, connect them with a hyphen. "Data driven strategy" is ambiguous — "data-driven strategy" is clear.

Missing Hyphens Led a cross functional, data driven initiative to improve client facing dashboards
Proper Hyphens Led a cross-functional, data-driven initiative to improve client-facing dashboards

Rule 4: Use en dashes in date ranges

Date ranges use an en dash (–), not a hyphen (-). An en dash is slightly longer and is the typographically correct separator for ranges.

Hyphen Marketing Intern, Acme Corp — Jan 2023 - Aug 2023
En Dash Marketing Intern, Acme Corp — Jan 2023 – Aug 2023
No periods at bullet ends
Serial commas in lists: "Python, SQL, and Tableau"
Hyphens for compound modifiers: "data-driven," "cross-functional"
En dashes for date ranges: "Jan 2023 – Present"
Periods on some bullets but not others
Missing commas: "Python SQL and Tableau"
Semicolons in bullet points (use separate bullets instead)
Grammar

No Pronouns — Fragment Sentences Only

Resume bullets should never include the words "I," "my," "me," "we," "our," or "us." Every bullet is a fragment sentence that starts directly with an action verb. This is not just a style preference — it is the universal standard that recruiters and ATS systems expect. Using pronouns makes the writing sound like a personal essay rather than a professional document.

Why it matters: Pronouns waste space on a one-page resume. "I managed a team" uses two words to say what "Managed a team" says in one. Multiply that across 15–20 bullets and you lose significant space that could hold quantified results.

Uses Pronouns I was responsible for managing a team of five interns and we created content together
Fragment (no pronouns) Led five marketing interns, growing social media following from 0 to 4,000+ followers in three months

More examples:

Uses Pronouns My role involved handling customer complaints and I resolved over 200 tickets per month
Fragment (no pronouns) Resolved 200+ customer tickets per month, maintaining a 98% satisfaction rating
Uses Pronouns We launched a new onboarding program and I trained all new hires during their first week
Fragment (no pronouns) Launched a new onboarding program and trained 30+ new hires, reducing ramp-up time from four weeks to two
Uses Pronouns Our team built a dashboard and I was the one who designed the front end
Fragment (no pronouns) Designed the front-end interface of an internal analytics dashboard used by 50+ team members daily

Quick test: Search your resume for "I," "my," "we," "our," "me," and "us." If any of these words appear, rewrite the bullet to start with an action verb and cut the pronoun entirely.

Grammar

Match Tense to Employment Status

This rule is simple but frequently broken: if you currently hold the role, write every bullet in present tense ("Manage," "Develop," "Coordinate"). If the role has ended, write every bullet in past tense ("Managed," "Developed," "Coordinated"). There are zero exceptions to this rule.

Why it matters: A past-tense bullet under a current role tells the recruiter you stopped doing that task. A present-tense bullet under a past role tells the recruiter you are still at that company. Either way, it creates confusion about your timeline.

Current role — use present tense:

Wrong (past tense for current role) Developed marketing strategies and managed social media campaigns for the brand
Right (present tense for current role) Develop marketing strategies and manage social media campaigns for the brand

Past role — use past tense:

Wrong (present tense for past role) Analyze client data and present findings to stakeholders
Right (past tense for past role) Analyzed client data and presented findings to stakeholders

Full example — a resume with two roles:

Current Role: Marketing Coordinator (Jan 2024 – Present)Manage social media accounts across four platforms, growing total engagement by 60%
Coordinate with design team to produce weekly content calendars
Track campaign performance in Google Analytics and report insights to the director
Past Role: Marketing Intern (May 2023 – Dec 2023)Assisted in planning three product launch events attended by 500+ guests
Created email campaigns with a 22% open rate, exceeding the industry average by 8%
Researched competitor strategies and compiled weekly briefings for the marketing team

Quick test: Look at the date range for each role. If it says "Present," every verb in that section must be present tense. If it has an end date, every verb must be past tense. Highlight the first word of every bullet and check.

ATS Optimization

Mirror the Job Description Keywords

ATS bots scan for exact keyword matches. Pull the top skills, tools, and phrases from the job posting and weave them naturally into your bullets — not just into the Skills section.

Weak Skills section only: "Python, SQL, Tableau"
Strong Developed a Python ETL pipeline processing 50K+ records using SQL queries and visualized trends in Tableau dashboards
ATS Optimization

Keep It ATS-Parseable

Avoid tables, text boxes, columns, headers/footers, images, and icons. Use standard section titles: "Education," "Experience," "Skills." Submit as .docx or a clean PDF.

Standard section headers
Single-column layout
Consistent date format (Month Year – Month Year)
Tables or multi-column layouts
Graphics, icons, or images
Headers/footers with contact info
ATS Optimization

Spell Out Abbreviations on First Use

ATS systems may not recognize abbreviations. Write the full term first, then abbreviate in subsequent bullets. This ensures both the spelled-out and abbreviated versions register as keyword matches.

Abbreviation Only Built CI/CD pipelines and configured K8s clusters for deployment
Spelled Out Built continuous integration/continuous deployment (CI/CD) pipelines and configured Kubernetes clusters for automated deployment
ATS Optimization

Use Standard Section Headings

Name your sections exactly as ATS bots expect: "Experience," "Education," "Skills," and "Projects." Creative headings like "Where I've Made an Impact" or "My Toolbox" confuse parsers and cause your content to be misclassified or skipped.

"Experience" or "Work Experience"
"Education"
"Skills" or "Technical Skills"
"Projects" or "Relevant Projects"
"Where I've Shined"
"My Toolkit" or "Arsenal"
Formatting

Keep Bullet Counts Cohesive Across Roles

Recruiters notice when one role has six bullets and another has two. Aim for three to five bullets per role, and keep the count relatively even across entries. Your most relevant role can have one more, but do not let the imbalance become jarring.

3-5 Bullets per role
≤4 Max experience entries
1pg Total resume length
Formatting

No Hanging Lines — Fill Every Bullet Edge to Edge

If a bullet wraps to a second line with only a few words dangling, reword it to either fit on one line or fill both lines completely. Hanging lines waste space and look unfinished. Use AI tools to restructure sentences once you have the core idea on paper.

Hanging Spearheaded the development of a comprehensive social media
strategy
Filled Spearheaded a social media strategy that increased reach by 281.3% across Facebook and Instagram
Formatting

Round to One Decimal and Spell Out Numbers Under 10

Percentages and dollar amounts should be rounded to one decimal point when applicable (49.4%, not 49.39%). Numbers under 10 should be spelled out (three interns, five projects) — except for people counts, months, and other cases where digits are standard.

Before Led 5 interns for 3 months achieving 49.39% return on $58,000
After Led five interns for three months, achieving a 49.4% return on $58,000
Formatting

Standardize Date Formats Across All Entries

Pick one date format and apply it to every entry. Mixing "Jan 2023" with "January 2023" or "01/2023" signals inconsistency. Use the "Month Year – Month Year" format throughout.

Inconsistent Company A: Jan 2023 - Present | Company B: June 2022 to December 2022 | Company C: 06/2021 - 12/2021
Consistent Company A: Jan 2023 – Present | Company B: Jun 2022 – Dec 2022 | Company C: Jun 2021 – Dec 2021
Strategy

Tailor Every Resume to the Job

One-size-fits-all resumes score 40–60% on ATS. Tailored resumes score 75–95%. Reorder bullets, swap keywords, and emphasize the experience that mirrors the job posting.

6s Avg recruiter scan time
75% Resumes rejected by ATS
3-5 Bullets per experience entry
Strategy

Lead with Your Strongest Bullet

Recruiters spend six seconds scanning your resume. Place the most impactful, quantified bullet first under each role. Bury the weakest bullet last or remove it entirely.

Weak Lead Attended weekly team meetings and provided status updates on project milestones
Strong Lead Delivered a $1.2M cost-reduction initiative by renegotiating three vendor contracts and consolidating two redundant workflows
Strategy

Only Write What You Can Walk Through

Every bullet on your resume is fair game in an interview. If you mention DCF modeling, cap rate calculations, or three financial statements — be ready to explain the mechanics step by step. If you cannot walk through it confidently, either remove it or learn it before the interview.

Can explain the methodology behind every metric
Can demonstrate any tool or software listed
Can describe the "so what" of every result
Name-dropping tools you used only once
Inflating numbers you cannot back up with context
Strategy

Prioritize Recent and Relevant Experience

Allocate more bullets to roles from the last two to three years and to positions directly related to your target job. Older or unrelated roles deserve one to two bullets at most. Recruiters care about trajectory, not a complete work history.

Unfocused Six bullets for a cashier role from 2018 and two bullets for a 2024 data analyst internship
Focused Four bullets for the 2024 data analyst internship and one bullet for the 2018 cashier role highlighting transferable skills
Polish

Eliminate Filler Words and Redundancy

Cut phrases like "in order to," "was tasked with," "played a key role in," and "served as." These pad your bullets without adding substance. Every word on a one-page resume must earn its space.

Padded Served as the lead person who was tasked with managing the social media accounts in order to grow followers
Lean Managed four social media accounts, growing total follower count from 500 to 8,200 in six months
Polish

Proofread for Consistency in Capitalization and Spacing

Verify that job titles, company names, and section headers follow the same capitalization pattern. Check for double spaces, inconsistent indentation, and misaligned bullet characters. One formatting error signals carelessness to a recruiter.

Job titles capitalized consistently (Title Case or Sentence case)
Uniform spacing between sections
All bullet characters match (round bullets, dashes, or none)
Mixed capitalization: "Software engineer" and "Data Analyst"
Double spaces or inconsistent indentation
Some bullets use dashes, others use round dots
Polish

Run a Final Tense Audit Before Submitting

After finishing your resume, read through every bullet and highlight the opening verb. Verify that all verbs under a current role are in present tense and all verbs under a past role are in past tense. This five-minute check catches the single most common resume error.

Unaudited (Past Role) 1. Developed a reporting dashboard
2. Coordinate weekly standups with the engineering team
3. Reduced onboarding time by 20%
Audited (Past Role) 1. Developed a reporting dashboard
2. Coordinated weekly standups with the engineering team
3. Reduced onboarding time by 20%

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